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Principles of Pragmatics

Geoffrey N. Leech
London and New York: Longman, 1983
  2005-06-24 11:52:11

Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………........................x
A note on symbols.................................................................................................................................................xiii
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................1
   1.1.Historical preamble.........................................................................................................................................1
   1.2 Semantics and pragmatics...............................................................................................................................5
         1.2.1 An example: the Cooperative Principle of Grice......................................................................................7
   1.3 General pragmatics.......................................................................................................................................10
   1.4 Aspects of speech situations.........................................................................................................................13
   1.5 Rhetoric.......................................................................................................................................................15
2. A set of postulates..........................................................................................................................................19
   2.1 Semantic representation and pragmatic representation...................................................................................19
   2.2 Rules and principles......................................................................................................................................21
   2.3 Convention and motivation............................................................................................................................24
   2.4 The relation between sense and force............................................................................................................30
   2.5 Pragmatics as problem-solving......................................................................................................................35
         2.5.1 The speaker's task, viewed in terms of means-ends analysis..................................................................36
         2.5.2 The addressee's task, seen in terms of heuristic analysis.........................................................................40
    2.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................44
3. Formalism and functionalism.........................................................................................................................46
   3.1 Formal and functional explanations................................................................................................................47
   3.2 Biological, psychological, and social varieties of functionalism........................................................................48
   3.3 The ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions of language.......................................................................56
        3.3.1 A process model of language................................................................................................................58
        3.3.2 An illustration.......................................................................................................................................62
        3.3.3 The textual pragmatics..........................................................................................................................63
   3.4 The ideational function: discreteness and determinacy....................................................................................70
   3.5 Examples of "overgramaticization"................................................................................................................73
   3.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................76
4. The interpersonal role of the Cooperative Principle....................................................................................79
   4.1 The Cooperative Principle (CP) and the Politeness Principle (PP).................................................................79
   4.2 Maxims of Quantity and Quality...................................................................................................................84
        4.2.1 Implicatures connected with definiteness...............................................................................................90
   4.3 Maxim of Relation.......................................................................................................................................93
   4.4 The Hinting Strategy and anticipatory illocutions...........................................................................................97
   4.5 Maxim of Manner.......................................................................................................................................99
        4.5.1 The obliquity and uninformativeness of negation..................................................................................100
5. The Tact Maxim..........................................................................................................................................104
   5.1 Varieties of illocutionary function................................................................................................................104
   5.2 Searle's categories of illocutionary acts.......................................................................................................105
   5.3 Tact: one kind of politeness........................................................................................................................107
   5.4 Pragmatic paradoxes of politeness..............................................................................................................110
   5.5 Semantic representation of declaratives, interrogatives and imperatives........................................................114
   5.6 The interpretation of impositives.................................................................................................................119
   5.7 Pragmatic scales........................................................................................................................................123
   5.8 Tact and condenscension...........................................................................................................................127
6. A survey of the Interpersonal Rhetoric......................................................................................................131
   6.1 Maxims of politeness.................................................................................................................................131
        6.1.1 The Generosity Maxim......................................................................................................................133
        6.1.2 The Approbation Maxim...................................................................................................................135
        6.1.3 The Modesty Maxim.........................................................................................................................136
        6.1.4 Other maxims of politeness................................................................................................................138
   6.2 Metalinguistic aspects of politeness............................................................................................................139
   6.3 Irony and banter........................................................................................................................................142
   6.4 Hyperbole and litotes.................................................................................................................................145
   6.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................149

7. Communicative Grammar: an example.......................................................................................................152
   7.1 Communicative Grammar and pragmatic force............................................................................................152
   7.2 Remarks on pragmatic metalanguage..........................................................................................................156
   7.3 Some aspects of negation and interrogation in English..................................................................................157
         7.3.1 Syntax..............................................................................................................................................157
         7.3.2 Semantic analysis..............................................................................................................................159
         7.3.3 Pragmatic analysis.............................................................................................................................164
               7.3.3.1 Positive propositions................................................................................................................164
               7.3.3.2 Negative propositions..............................................................................................................165
               7.3.3.3 Ordinary yes-no questions........................................................................................................165
               7.3.3.4 Loaded yes-noquestions...........................................................................................................166
         7.3.4 Implicatures of politeness...................................................................................................................169
         7.3.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................171
8. Performatives...............................................................................................................................................174
    8.1 The Performative and Illocutionary-Verb Fallacies.....................................................................................174
    8.2 The speech act theories of Austin and Searle.............................................................................................175
         8.2.1 Declarations.....................................................................................................................................179
    8.3 Illocutionary performatives: descriptive and non-descriptive approaches.....................................................181
    8.4 Illocutionary performatives and oratio obliqua..........................................................................................184
    8.5 The pragmatics of illocutionary performatives.............................................................................................189
    8.6 The performative hypothesis......................................................................................................................192
    8.7 The extended performative hypothesis.......................................................................................................193
    8.8 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................195
9. Speech-act verbs in English........................................................................................................................198
   9.1 Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary.............................................................................................199
   9.2 A survey of speech-act verb classess..........................................................................................................203
        9.2.1 Illocutionary and perlocutionary verbs................................................................................................203
        9.2.2 Classifying illocutionary verbs.............................................................................................................205
        9.2.3 Problems of classification and their solution.........................................................................................207
        9.2.4 Phonically descriptive and content-descriptive verbs...........................................................................212
   9.3 Is there a separate class of performative verbs?..........................................................................................213
   9.4 A semantic analysis of some illocutionary verbs..........................................................................................216
   9.5 Assertive verbs..........................................................................................................................................223
   9.6 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................225
10. Retrospect and prospect...........................................................................................................................229
References.........................................................................................................................................................234
Index.................................................................................................................................................................243
　
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