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Preface..................................................................................................................................................xxv Section I: General Action theory and the production of speech <B. Tuller & J. A. S. Kelson>............................................................1 Adaptability <J. L. Mey>.....................................................................................................................................5 Adolescent peer group language <R. L. Taylor>...................................................................................................7 Advertising <M. L. Geis>...................................................................................................................................13 Alternate sign languages <A. Kendon>...............................................................................................................15 Anaphora <P. Sells & T. Wasow>.....................................................................................................................19 Animal commuication <S. F. Walker>................................................................................................................26 Applied linguistics <D. Wilkins>.........................................................................................................................35 Applied linguistics: Sociolinguistics <D. R. Preston>............................................................................................46 Artificial intelligence <Y. Wilks>.........................................................................................................................51 Artificial languages <A. Large>...........................................................................................................................61 Aspect <O. Dahl>.............................................................................................................................................64 Bilingualism, societal <M. Blanc>.......................................................................................................................71 Black English in education: USA <I. F. Hancock>..............................................................................................79 Blessings <B. G. Szuchewycz>...........................................................................................................................81 Broadcasting, international: languages <C. Forrester>..........................................................................................82 Business language <G. Rasmussen>....................................................................................................................96 Child language: Overview <S. Stromqvist>.........................................................................................................98 Chomsky and pragmatics <A. Kasher>............................................................................................................104 Class language <F. Gregerssen>.......................................................................................................................105 Code <K. Wales>...........................................................................................................................................108 Code, sociolinguistic <U. Ammon>...................................................................................................................110 Code-switching and mixing <K. M. McCormick>.............................................................................................114 Cognitive anthropology <J. D. Keller>..............................................................................................................121 Cognitive science <O. F. Kirkeby>...................................................................................................................124 Cognitive technology <B. Gorayska>................................................................................................................132 Cohesion and coherence in literature <K. Wales>.............................................................................................134 Comics <K. A. L. Mey>..................................................................................................................................136 Communication <K. L. Berge>.........................................................................................................................140 Communicative competence <A. Duranti>.........................................................................................................147 Computer literacy <J. L. Mey>.........................................................................................................................148 Conjunction and pragmatic effects <R. Carston>...............................................................................................150 Context <U. M. Quasthoff>..............................................................................................................................157 Conversation analysis <P. Drew>......................................................................................................................165 Conversational maxims <J. Thomas>.................................................................................................................171 Cooperative principle <J. Thomas>...................................................................................................................176 Corretness and norms <N. Love>.....................................................................................................................179 Critical language awareness <N. Fairclough>.....................................................................................................188 Criticism, linguistic <D. Birch>...........................................................................................................................190 Data collection in linguistics <J. Miller & R. Cann>............................................................................................194 Definition of the situation <N. K. Denzin>..........................................................................................................196 Deixis <S. Levinson>........................................................................................................................................200 Dialect and dialectology <S. Romaine>..............................................................................................................205 Dialogism <T. A. Marshall>...............................................................................................................................216 Diglossia <A. Hudson>.....................................................................................................................................220 Discourse <A. McHoul>...................................................................................................................................225 Discourse analysis and literature <P. W. Simpson>............................................................................................236 Discourse anaphora <A. Mittwoch>..................................................................................................................242 Discourse in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural contexts <M. Clyne>..................................................................244 Discourse, ideology, and literature <J. Cook>....................................................................................................251 Discourse markers <B. Fraser>.........................................................................................................................256 Discourse processing <A. Garnham>.................................................................................................................257 Discrimination and minority languages <R. Phillipson & T. Skutnabb-Kangas>...................................................263 Doctor-patient language <M. Lacoste>.............................................................................................................266 Double bind <M. Basic>...................................................................................................................................269 'Dugri' speech <T. Katriel>...............................................................................................................................271 Ecology of language <J. M. Y. Simpson>..........................................................................................................272 Economese <J. L. Mey>...................................................................................................................................273 Education and language: An overview <K. Perera>............................................................................................274 Electronic mail communication <W. W. Vasconcelos>.......................................................................................278 Ellipsis <E. Koktova>.......................................................................................................................................280 Emancipatory linguistics <I. Signorini>...............................................................................................................281 Entailment <S. Read>.......................................................................................................................................283 Ethnography of speaking <G. Philipsen>............................................................................................................284 Ethnomethodology <G. Psathas>.......................................................................................................................290 Extralinguistics <P. Harder>..............................................................................................................................294 Felicity conditions <K. Allan>...........................................................................................................................295 Field methods, ethnographic <M. L. Apte>.......................................................................................................299 Foreigner talk <M. Clyne>...............................................................................................................................303 Formulaic language <F. Coulmas>....................................................................................................................305 Freud and language <J. C. Maher>...................................................................................................................306 Freud, aphasia, and parapraxis <B. Butterworth>............................................................................................. 308 Functional grammar <S. C. Dik>......................................................................................................................309 Functional sentence perspective <E. Koktova>.................................................................................................315 Gender and language <K. M. McCormick>......................................................................................................316 General semantics <W. S. Bainbridge>.............................................................................................................325 Gestures <G. Calbris>......................................................................................................................................326 Grammatology <P. A. Brandt>.........................................................................................................................331 Hegemony <G. Mininni>...................................................................................................................................337 Hermeneutics <E. Itkonen>...............................................................................................................................338 Home language and school language <M. MacLure>.........................................................................................339 Honorifics <M. Shibani>...................................................................................................................................341 Human computer interaction <R. L. Campbell>.................................................................................................350 Humor <V. Raskin>.........................................................................................................................................354 Hypertext <L. Hardman>.................................................................................................................................359 Iconicity <J. Haiman>.......................................................................................................................................361 Ideology <A. Luke>.........................................................................................................................................366 Immigrant language issues <M. Heller>.............................................................................................................369 Implicatures, conversational <E. Koktova>.......................................................................................................371 Indexicals <M. Leezenberg>............................................................................................................................373 Indirect speech acts: Inferring the illocutionary point <K. Allan>........................................................................377 Information theory <N. Chater>.......................................................................................................................380 Institutional language <S. Sarangi>....................................................................................................................382 Interaction process analysis <W. S. Bainbridge>...............................................................................................386 InterGrammar <H. Arndt & R. W. Janney>......................................................................................................388 Interlanguage <E. Tarone>...............................................................................................................................389 International languages <U. Ammon>...............................................................................................................395 Intertextuality <P. J. Thibault>..........................................................................................................................401 Intonation: Pragmatics <T. Fretheim>...............................................................................................................404 Involvement <N. Besnier>...............................................................................................................................407 Irony <M. Marino>.........................................................................................................................................409 Journalism <C. Maclean>................................................................................................................................412 Kinesics <A. Kendon>....................................................................................................................................419 Kinship terminology <E. L. Schusky>..............................................................................................................422 Language change: Textual evidence <R. H. P. Wright>.....................................................................................427 Language conflict <D. P. Pattanayak>..............................................................................................................433 Language death <L. Campbell>.......................................................................................................................437 Language as a game <L. Carlson>...................................................................................................................447 Language game, Wittgenstein's concept <M. W. Rowe>..................................................................................450 Language as a social reality <T. Pateman>.......................................................................................................453 Language and society <K. Rajagopalan>.........................................................................................................455 Language in social context <M. L. Apte>........................................................................................................ 456 Language for specific purposes <R. Glaser>.....................................................................................................469 Language for specific purposes: pedagogy <A. Johns>.....................................................................................474 Language teaching methods <W. T. Littlewood>..............................................................................................480 Language in the workplace <B. Holmqvist & P. B. Andersen>.........................................................................490 Legal semiotics <M. Jori>...............................................................................................................................493 Lexicon <R. L. Humphreys>............................................................................................................................503 Lingua franca <M. Barotchi>...........................................................................................................................505 Linguicide <T. Skuttnab-Kangas & R. Phillipson>............................................................................................506 Linguistic ethnocentrism <M. L. Apte>.............................................................................................................507 Linguistic imperialism <T. Skuttnab-Kangas & R. Phillipson>............................................................................509 Literacy <C. J. Daswani>.................................................................................................................................512 Literary language <R. Carter>..........................................................................................................................520 Literary pragmatics <R. D. Sell>......................................................................................................................523 Manipulation <N. Fairclough>..........................................................................................................................537 Marketing, semiotics of <C. Pinson>................................................................................................................538 Marxist theories of language <G. Mininni>........................................................................................................544 Media language and communication <K. C. Schroder>.....................................................................................547 Media, mass media, and multimedia <C. G. McLean>......................................................................................557 Medical language <J. MacLean & J. C. Maher>...............................................................................................570 Memory: Organization <N. Meiran>.................................................................................................................573 Metalanguage versus object language <J. van Eijck>.........................................................................................575 Metaphor <E. Steinhart & E. F. Kittay>...........................................................................................................576 Metapragmatics <C. Caffi>..............................................................................................................................581 Metonymy <D. Geeraerts>..............................................................................................................................586 Mime <F. Rokem>..........................................................................................................................................588 Minority languages <J. M. Y. Simpson>...........................................................................................................590 Modality <F. Kiefer>.......................................................................................................................................591 Moods, clause types, and speech acts <K. Allan>............................................................................................597 Moods and modality, pragmatic <E. Koktova>................................................................................................599 Naming of children <G. Sondergaard>.............................................................................................................601 Narrative: Linguistic and structural theories <M. Toolan>..................................................................................604 Narrative, natural <M. Toolan>........................................................................................................................623 Narratology <M. Jahn>....................................................................................................................................629 National language / Official language <C. M. Eastman>.....................................................................................630 Nationalism and language <L. Greenfeld>.........................................................................................................635 Native speaker <A. Davies>............................................................................................................................642 Newspeak <P. A. Chilton>..............................................................................................................................649 Nonsense <M. S. Dolitsky>.............................................................................................................................651 Norm <E. Itkonen>.........................................................................................................................................653 Nukespeak <P.A. Chilton>..............................................................................................................................654 Oracy <A. M. Wilkinson>...............................................................................................................................655 Ordinary language philosophy <L. J. Cohen>....................................................................................................656 Particles <D. Hartmann>..................................................................................................................................657 Pauses and hesitation <H. L. Petrie>................................................................................................................664 Pedagogy <A. Luke & C. Luke>.....................................................................................................................665 Performative clauses <K. Allan>......................................................................................................................669 Phatic communion <D. Abercrombie>..............................................................................................................672 Phraseology <A. P. Cowie>.............................................................................................................................673 Politeness <G. Kasper>...................................................................................................................................677 Politicized language <A.Davies>.......................................................................................................................684 Politics and language <P.A. Chilton>................................................................................................................688 Power and language <N. Fairclough>...............................................................................................................695 Pragmatic acts <J. L. Mey>.............................................................................................................................701 Pragmatic operators <M. Ariel>...................................................................................................................... 704 Pragmatic principles <O. Togeby>...................................................................................................................707 Pragmatic research: methodological issues <B. Fraser>.....................................................................................710 Pragmatic universals <J. W. Du Bois>..............................................................................................................712 Pragmatics <J. L. Mey>...................................................................................................................................716 Pragmatics, cognitive <A. Kasher>...................................................................................................................737 Pragmatics, Modular <A. Kasher>...................................................................................................................738 Presupposition <P. A. M. Seuren>...................................................................................................................740 Presupposition, pragmatic <C. Caffi>...............................................................................................................751 Primitive language <M .L. Apte>......................................................................................................................758 Private language <C.Travis>.............................................................................................................................760 Proxemics <G. G. Pocheptsov>........................................................................................................................763 Psycholinguistics <B. Rosenbaum>...................................................................................................................765 Psychotherapy <W. S. Bainbridge>..................................................................................................................769 Reading, theories of <G. E. MacKinnon>........................................................................................................772 Relevance <M. M. Talbot>..............................................................................................................................775 Reported speech <F. Coulmas>.......................................................................................................................778 Representation <R. Fowler>.............................................................................................................................781 Rhetoric, anthropological perspectives <K. Yankah>........................................................................................783 Rhetoric, classical <P. A. Brandt>....................................................................................................................787 Rock music <L. Ortner>..................................................................................................................................790 Roles <R. W. Janney & H. Arndt>...................................................................................................................791 Rules <P. Pagin>..............................................................................................................................................792 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis <O.Werner>...............................................................................................................799 School language policies <D. J. Corson>..........................................................................................................807 Second language acquisition: history and theory <K. R. Gregg>.........................................................................809 Second language learning and teaching, theory of <B. McLaughlin, S. Robbins & J. A. T. Wade>......................816 Semantic primitives <D. Geeraerts>..................................................................................................................828 Semantics and pragmatics <A. H. Jucker>........................................................................................................830 Semilingualism <J. Cummins>...........................................................................................................................831 Semiotics <S. E. Larsen>.................................................................................................................................833 Sense <M. Crimmins>......................................................................................................................................847 Sex and language <C. Olivares>.......................................................................................................................848 Shared knowledge <J. K. Gundel>...................................................................................................................853 Sign language <B. Woll & J. G. Kyle>..............................................................................................................854 Slang: Sociology <I. L. Allen>..........................................................................................................................878 Social class <M. W. Macy>.............................................................................................................................883 Socialization <C. B. Cazden>...........................................................................................................................890 Sociolinguistics <S. Romaine>..........................................................................................................................892 Sociolinguistics and language change <J. Milroy>..............................................................................................902 Sociology of language <W.S. Bainbridge>........................................................................................................904 Sociophonetics <S. Wright>.............................................................................................................................916 Speech act classification and definition <K.Allan>.............................................................................................922 Speech act theory--An overview <K. Allan>....................................................................................................927 Speech act verbs <J. Verschueren>..................................................................................................................939 Speech acts and grammar <K. Allan>...............................................................................................................942 Speech acts hierarchy: Locutions, illocutions, and perlocutions <K. Allan>.........................................................944 Speech acts: Literal and non-literal <K. Allan>..................................................................................................946 Speech community <B. B. Kachru>..................................................................................................................947 Spoken language in the classroom <N. Mercer>...............................................................................................950 Stereotype in semantics <D. Geeraerts>...........................................................................................................955 Stylistics <D. Birch>........................................................................................................................................955 Subtitles, silent film to teletext <R. Vanderplank>..............................................................................................961 Switch-reference and related phenomena <L. Stirling>......................................................................................965 Symbolic interactionism <N.K. Denzin>............................................................................................................969 Syntax and pragmatics <R. Carston>................................................................................................................978 Taboo words <M. L. Apte>.............................................................................................................................986 Telematics <L. Qvortrup>................................................................................................................................989 Tense <C. Comrie>..........................................................................................................................................994 Tense and time, pragmatics of <C. Fabricius-Hansen>.....................................................................................1000 Text linguistics <R. De Beaugrande>................................................................................................................1001 Text pragmatics <D. Togeby>.........................................................................................................................1008 Text / Rhetoric <J. House>..............................................................................................................................1011 Thetic-categorical distinction <H. Haberland>..................................................................................................1015 Thought and language <P. T. Smith>................................................................................................................1016 Topic and comment <J. Van Kuppervelt>........................................................................................................1022 Tourism <D. Crampton>.................................................................................................................................1029 Translinguistics <B. G. Blount>........................................................................................................................1032 Universal pragmatics <T. Norager>.................................................................................................................1033 Universals of language <J. R. Payne>..............................................................................................................1036 Urban dialectology <J. Milroy>.......................................................................................................................1039 Verstehen <G. Oakes>...................................................................................................................................1046 Written and spoken language: relationship <H. Haberland>..............................................................................1048 Section II: Biographies (35) Austin, John Longshaw (1911-60) <P. V. Lamarque>.....................................................................................1051 Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (1895-1975) <J. M. Weir>.............................................................................................1052 Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua (1915-75) <A. Kasher>.................................................................................................1053 Bateson, Gregory (1904-80) <J.C. Maher>....................................................................................................1054 Bernstein, Basil (1924-) <K. Rajagopalan>.....................................................................................................1055 Boas, Franz (1858-1942) <H. Veber>...........................................................................................................1056 Buhler, Karl (1879-1963) <A. Musolf>..........................................................................................................1057 Carnap, Rudolf (1891-1970) <D. Bell>..........................................................................................................1058 Derrida, Jacques (1930-) <A. McHoul>.........................................................................................................1059 Ferguson, Charles A. (1921-) <J. A. Fishman>...............................................................................................1061 Firth and the London School <F. R. Palmer>..................................................................................................1061 Foucault, Michel (1926-84) <J. C. Maher>....................................................................................................1065 Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob (1848-1925) <E. Koktova>.........................................................................1066 Freire, Paulo (1924-97) <D. B. Braga>..........................................................................................................1067 Gibson, James J. (1904-79) <R. Lindsay>......................................................................................................1068 Goffman, Erving (1922-82) <R. L. Schmitt>...................................................................................................1069 Gramsci, Antonio (1891-1937) <N. Helsloot>................................................................................................1070 Greensberg, Joseph H. (1915-) <M. Ruhlen>.................................................................................................1071 Grice, H. Paul (1926-85) <E. Koktova>........................................................................................................1073 Halliday, Michael A. K. (1925-) <P. Thibault>...............................................................................................1074 Hayakawa, Samuel Ichiye (1906-92) <R. E. Asher>......................................................................................1076 Jakobson, Roman (1896-1982) <L. R. Waugh>............................................................................................1077 Labov, William (1927-) <S. Romaine>...........................................................................................................1079 Lacan, Jacques (1901-81) <J.C. Maher>.......................................................................................................1080 Malinowski, Bronislw Kaspar (1884-1942) <A. T. Campbell>.......................................................................1080 Marr, Nikolai Jakolevich (1864-1934) <V. M. Du Feu>.................................................................................1081 Morris, Charles (1901-79) <E. Koktova>......................................................................................................1082 Pecheux, Michel (1938-83) <E. Orlandi>.......................................................................................................1083 Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839-1914) <C. J. Hookway>................................................................................1084 Piaget, Jean (1896-1980) <M. L. Donaldson>................................................................................................1086 Ryle, Gilbert (1900-76) <E. Koktova>...........................................................................................................1087 Sacks, Harvey (1935-75) <G. Psathas>.........................................................................................................1088 Sapir, Edward (1884-1939) <R. Darnell>......................................................................................................1089 Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1897-1941) <J. H. Stam>...........................................................................................1090 Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951) <C. Travis>..............................................................................................1091 List of contributors ()...................................................................................................................................1097 Name index..................................................................................................................................................1107 Subject index................................................................................................................................................1135 |
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