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accessibility (of an assumption): the ease or difficulty with which an assumption can be retrieved (from memory) or constructed (on the basis of clues in the stimulus curretly being processed); accessibility is a matter of degree and is a constant state of flux depending on, among other things, what is occupying attention at any given moment. cognitive environment (of an individual): the set of assumptions which are manifest to an individual at a given moment. communicative intention: an intention to make mutually manifest (evident) to audience and communicator that the communicatior has an informative intention (to make manifest or more manifest a set of assumptions). computation: a transformation of a set of representations into another set of representations in accordance with some rule or procedure. conceptual address: a mental label or node connecting and provding access to information of various sorts pertaining to a single concept (for example, CAT, LOVE, or AND): logical or computational rules and procedures, encyclopedia information about the denotation of the concept and linguistic information about the natural language counterpart of the concept. Some concepts may have only one or two of these types of information. conceptual semantics: that category of linguisti semantics concerning linguistic forms whose encoded meaning contributes concepts (or conceptual addresses) to mental representations. (See also procedural remantics) context: that subset of existing mentally represented assumptions which inteacts with newly impinging information (whether received via perception or communication) to give rise to contextual effects. contextual effects: the kind of result which a newly recieved stimulus must bring about, by interacting with some of the assumptions already in the cognitive system, in order for it to be relevant tot he system; there are three types of contextual (or cognitive) effect it may have: supporting and so strengthening existing assumptions, contradicting and eliminating assumptions, combining inferentially with them to produce new conclusions. (See also contextual implication) contextual implication: a conclusion inferred on the basis of a set of premises consisting of both contextual assumptions and new assumptions derived from the incoming stimulus (for instance, the proposition expressed by an utterance) and no derivable from either of these alone. descriptively used representions: a representation (whether mental or public) which represents a state of affairs (that is, something non-representational). It is truth-based representation; that is, the representation describes a state of affairs that makes it true. (See also interpretively used representation) discourse connectives and particles: linguistic elements which do not contribute to the truth-conditional content of the utterances of which they are a part; they encode a procedure or processing constraint, rather than a concept, and so help direct the pragmatic inferential phase of utterance understanding. Examples are Eglish but, after, well, and Japanese hedo, tte, ne, ka. echoic use (of a representation): use of representation (mental or public) to represent another representation (mental or public) and express an attitude to that other representation. The representation echoed may be linguisti/formal (e.g. phonological, syntactic) or semantic / conceptual and the relation between the two representations is one of resemblance. (See also representation by resemblance, and irony, which is a subcase of echoic use of a representation) encoded / inferred distinction: the distinction between those aspects of utterance meaning that are inherent to the linguistic form employed (that is, encoded) and those that are derived on the basis of contextual considerations interacting with encoded meaning and constrainted by the search for an optimally relevant interpretation. (See also explicit / implicit distinction, from which the encoded /inferred distinction should be distinguished) enrichment: pragmatic inferential processes of completing or expanding the linguistically decoded logical form of an utterance in order to recover the propositional expressed and the explicatures of the utterance. explicature: an ostensively communicated assumption which is inferentially developed from the incomplete conceptual relresentation (logical form) resulting from linguistic decoding. (See also enrichment, higher level of explicature and implicature) explicit /implicit distinction: the distinction between explicature and implicature. (See also encoded / inferred distinction, from which it hsould be kept distinct) higher level of explicature: an explicature which involves embedding the proposition expressed by the utterance in a higher level description such as a description of the speaker's propositional attitude, a speech act description or some other comment on the embedded propisiton. For example, "the speaker believes that [...]". implicature (conversational): an ostensively communicated assumption that is derived solely via processes of pragmatic inference. Some implicatures are intended contextual assumptions and so function as premises in inference processes that issue in others which are inteded contextual implications. Both types, implicated premises and implicated ocnclusions, may be either strongly or weakly communicated. (See also explicature and weak communication) informative intention: an intention to make manifest or more manifest to an audience a set of assumptions. (See also manifest) interpretively used representation: a representation (whether mental or public) which represent another representation (whether mental or public) and resembles it in content (logical, semantic, conceptual). (See also representation by resemblance and loose use and compare descriptively used representation) irony: a type of echoic use of language by which a speaker tacitly communicates a mocking or, at least, dissociative attitude to a representation which she tacitly attributes to someone other than herself at the time of utterance. loose use: a use of representation (whether mental or public) to represent another representation (whether mental or public) with which it is in a relation of non-literal resemblance. For example, "France is hexagonal". (See also interpretive representation and metaphor). manifestness (of an assumption to an individual): the degree to which an individual is capable of mentally representing an assumption and holding it as true or probably true at a given moment. metaphor: a kind of loose use in which, typically, the logical properties of the representation (mental or public) are inapplicable but which gives rise to a range of weak implicatures and other cognitive effects. (See also representation by resemblance and weak communication) optimal relevance: a property that an utterance (or other ostensive stimulus) has, on a given interpretation, when (a) it has enough contextual (or cognitive) effects to be worth the hearer's attention, and (b) it puts the hearer to no gratuitous processing effort in achieving those effects. ostensive communication: transmission of information / meaning via a stimulus which comes with a communicative intention; that is, which makes it mutually manifest to communicator and audience that the communicator intends, by means of this stimulus, to make manifest or more manifest to the audience a set of assumptions. Examples of such (ostensive) stimuli are verbal utterances, pointing and winking. Ostensive communication falls under the second (communicative) principle of relevance and it should be distinguished from accidental information transmission and from various covert means of communication. principle of relevance: 1. First (cognitive) principle of relevance: human cognition is geared towards the maximization of relevance (that is, the achievement of as many contextual effects as possible for as little processing effort as possible). 2. Second (communicative) principle of relevance: every ostensive stimulus communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance. procedural semantics: that category of linguistic semantics concerning linguistic forms whose encoded meaning provideds a constraint on the pragmatic inferential phase of utterance interpretation. For instance, discourse connectives and particles, and some referring elements, such as pronouns. (See also conceptual semantics) processing effort: the effort which a cognitive system must expand in order to arrive at a satisfactory interpretation of incoming information (involving factors such as the accessing of an appropriate set of contextual assumptions and the inferential work of integrating the new information with existing assumptions). proposition expresed (by an utterance or speaker): that propositional form which is developed by pragmatic inferences building on the incomplete conceptual representation decoded from the linguistic form employed in the utterance. The pragmatic inferences achieve disambiguation, the recovery of intended referents, and conceptual completion and enrichment, in accordance with the second principle of relevance. The propostion expressed may either be ostensively communicated itself (hence an explicature) or be merely a vehicle to enable the recovery of assumptions which are ostensively communicated (as in cases of loose use). relevance (in a context): an assumption is relevant in a context to the extent that its contextual effects in the context are large and to the extent that the effort required to process it in the context is small. (See also processing effort) representation: an arrangement of symbols or other forms which carries information about something beyond itself, either some non-representational aspect of external reality or some other representation. (See also descriptively used representation and interpretively used representation) representation by resemblance: very generally, this is the use of an object to represent another object it resembles; more more specifically, a verbal utterance may be used to represent another representation which it resembles in some respect (and to some relevant extent); for instance, in phoneitc or phonological form, lexcial and / or syntactic form, or in propositional content. Verbal mimicry, quotation, parody, translation, paraphrase, and irony are all cases where a linguistic representation is used to exploit its resemblance at one or more of these levels to another representation. weak (ostensive) communication: the communication of assumptions (typically implicatures) where there is a degree of indeterminacy regarding which specific assumptions within some conceptual range fall under the speaker's informative intention. Rather than a few assumptions being made highly manifest a wide range of assumptions is made weakly manifest. Creative metaphors, typically, wekly communicate (evoke) such a range of assumptions. |
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