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Part VI New Book : Global Karst Correlation,The Final Report of IGCP 299 "Geology, Climate, Hydrology and Karst Formation" (1990-1994)
It is a contribution of IGCP 299 members from 15 countries, and includes 16 chapters. After an introduction on the basic ideas, methodologies and major results of IGCP 299 given by Yuan Daoxian, and a discussion on the principles of karst evolution and their relations to physics and chemistry by Wolfgang Dreybrodt, the background, morphogenesis, history and many practical problems of Karsts in Spitsbergen (Norway), Ural(Russia), Baltic countries, Great Britain, Eastern United States, Japan,China, Vietnam, Romania, Slovenia, Australia and New Guinea, Brazil, Bulgaria were discussed in detail with up-to-date research data. In conclusions, the modern trend of Karst Science was given from the experiences of IGCP 299. The book includes more than 50 carefully selected colour photos representing the most typical karst features of the world. In line with their respective geological, climatic and hydrological background, they facilitate a more straightforward global karst correalation. The purchase contact: Outside China: The production manager Tel +31 30 692 5790 In China: Mr. Bin Peng Tel. +86 10 64019816
CONTENTS PREFACE (Cheng Yuqi) SUMMARY OF IGCP 299 Chapter 1 Basic Ideas, Methodologies and Major Results of IGCP 299(Yuan Daoxian) 1.1 Background 1.2 Basic Ideas of IGCP 299: Objectives and Methodologies 1.2.1 Earth System Science in Karst Correlation 1.2.2 Objectives of IGCP 299 1.2.3 Basic Methodologies 1.3 Major Results of World Karst Correlation 1.3.1 Karst of Plate Margin and Mediterranean Climate-Western Taurus Mt., SW Turkey (1990) 1.3.2 Karst of Intraplate Region with Monsoon Climate-Mainland China (1991) 1.3.3 Trans-Continental Karst Correlation (Russia, USA, Australia, 1992) 1.3.4 Karst in Western Ural of Russia and Environmental Problems (July, 1992) 1.3.5 Karst Correlation between Appalachian Mt. and Central Basin of Kentucky, and Relevant Environmental Problems (August, 1992) 1.3.6 Karst Correlation between Australia Craton and Tasmania Mobile Zone (Dec., 1992) 1.3.7 Glacial Karst in SE Canada (August, 1993) 1.3.8 Zagros Karst and Other Types of Karst in Iran (Oct., 1993) 1.3.9 Geothermal, Alpine Karst of Italy (1993) 1.3.10 Chalk Karst and Glacial Karst in UK (September, 1994) Selected References MECHANISMS OF KARST FORMATION Chapter 2 Principles of Karst Evolution From Initiation to Maturity and Their Relation to Physics and Chemistry (Wolfgang Dreybrodt) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Basic Model to Specify Parameters 2.3 The Initial Phase of the Origin of Conduits 2.4 Structural Control of Cave Development by the Geological Setting of Primary Fractures 2.5 Karstification In Its Mature State 2.6 Conclusion References ARCTIC KARST Chapter 3 Karst Morphogenesis in the Arctic: Examples from Spitsbergen(Stein-Erik Lauritzen) 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Permafrost, Quaternary Climate and Groundwater 3.1.2 Cryogenic effects 3.1.3 Glacier hydrology and karst 3.2 Svalbard 3.2.1 Climate 3.2.2 Lithology, Tectonic Setting 3.2.3 Hydrothermal Karstification 3.2.4 Paleokarst 3.2.5 Surface Landforms 3.2.6 Subsurface Landforms 3.2.7 Processes 3.3 Conclusions References KARST ON RUSSIAN PLATFORM Chapter 4 Karst of Ural (V.N.Andreichuk, I.A.Lavrov) 4.1 Geological and Orographical Peculiarities of the Urals 4.2 Karstic Rocks 4.3 General Peculiarities of Karst 4.4 Caves 4.5 Practical Importance of Urals Karst 4.6 The Influence of Human's Activity on Karst References Chapter 5 Karst in the Baltic Republics (Paukstys Bernardas, Karise Velo) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 History of Studies 5.3 Natural Conditions of Karst Development 5.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 5.4.1 Estonia 5.4.2 Lithuania 5.5 Karst Morphology and Karstification Density 5.5.1 Karst Development in Estonia 5.5.2 Karst Zonation in Lithuania 5.5.3 Karst Morphology in Lithuania 5.5.4 Surficial Karst Forms and Phenomena of Estonia 5.5.5 Subterranean Karst Phenomena of Estonia 5.6 Anthropogenic Factors of Karst Activization 5.7 Karst Protection Measures in Lithuania References HUMID TEMPERATE KARST Chapter 6 The Karst Geomorphology and Hydrogeology of Great Britain (John Gunn, David Lowe, and Tony Waltham) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cavernous Karsts 6.2.1 The Carboniferous Limestone 6.2.2 Permian Magnesian Limestone of Northern England 6.2.3 Devonian Carbonates of Southwest-England 6.2.4 Carbonates of the Durness Group of Scotland 6.2.5 Limestones within the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland 6.3 Weakly Cavernous Karsts 6.3.1 The Cretaceous Chalk 6.3.2 Jurassic Limestones 6.4 Evaporite Karsts References Chapter 7 Karst Regions of the Eastern United States with Special Emphasis on the Friars Hole Cave System, West Virginia (Percy H Dougherty, Roy A. Jameson, Stephen R.H. Worthington, George N. Huppert, Betty J. Wheeler, and J. Hess) 7.1 Environmental Conditions 7.2 Great Valley of the Appalachians 7.3 Ridge and Valley of the Appalachians 7.4 Appalachian Plateau 7.5 Pine Mountain Overthrust 7.6 Cumberland Plateau and Pottsville Escarpment 7.7 Blue Grass Basin 7.8 Friars Hole Cave System 7.9 Dating Surface and Cave Evolution at Friars Hole 7.9.1 Age Distribution of Speleothems 7.9.2 Evolution of the Cave 7.9.3 Evolution of the Surface above the Cave 7.10 Condensation, Condensation Corrosion, and Associated Features in Snedegar's and Greenville Saltpeter Caves 7.10.1 Air Circulation 7.10.2 Types of Condensation: Fogs, Films, Drops, and Absorbed Moisture. 7.10.3 Fogs and Fog Banks 7.10.4 Features of Condensation Corrosion and Deposition References Chapter 8 Karst of Japan (Kazuko Urushibara-Yoshino, Naruhiko Kashima) 8.1 Distribution of Calcareous Rock in Japan 8.2 Geology of Japanese Karst Areas 8.3 Akiyoshi Plateau 8.4 Kikai Island 8.5 Minamidaito Island References TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL KARST Chapter 9 Karst of China (Yuan Daoxian, Li Bin, Liu Zaihua) 9.1 Characteristics of Karst in China 9.2 Mechanism of Karst Formation 9.3 Karst Records of Quaternary Climatic Change 9.4 Resources and Environmental Problems in Karst Areas References Chapter 10 OVERVIEW ON KARST OF VIETNAM (Do Tuyet) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Vietnam Karat Concerning with Regional Karst 10.3 Karst Research Situation in Vietnam 10.4 Conditions for Active Karstification in Vietnam 10.4.1 Limestone Occurring in Strata from Pre-Cambrian to Holocene 10.4.2 Abundance of Pure and Thick Carbonate Strata 10.4.3 Active Tectonic Region 10.4.4 Earthquake and Neotectonic Activities 10.4.5 Humid and Moisture Climate with High Rainfall 10.4.6 Microrganism Activities and Thick Forest Area 10.5 Main Karst Landforms 10.6 Main Karst Zones of Vietnam 10.6.1 The Vietbac Karst Zone 10.6.2 The North-East Karst Zone 10.6.3 The North-West Karst Zone 10.6.4 The North-Central Vietnam Karst Zone 10.6.5 The South Vietnam Karst Zone 10.7 Some Problems of Applied Karst of Vietnam 10.7.1 Water Supply 10.7.2 Mineral Resource Relating to Karst 10.7.3 Karst Rock Materials of Many Industries 10.7.4 Problems of Hazard by Karstification 10.7.5 Problems of Construction on Karst 10.7.6 Problems of Karst Reservoirs 10.7.7 Karst with Religion and Tourism References MEDITERRANEAN KARST Chapter 11 Karst of Romania (George Ponta) 11.1 General Data 11.2 Climate 11.3 Bihor Mountains Karst Area 11.4 The Padis - Cetatile Ponorului Karstic Plateau 11.5 Jiul de West - Cernisoara Karst Area (Retezatul Mic Mountains), Southern Carphatians 11.6 Evaporites Karst References Chapter 12 Typical Karst Area-Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia (Andrej Kranjc, M Knez, Andrej Mihevc, J. Kogovsek, T. Slabe, S. Sebela, N.Z.Hajna) 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 The History of Kras and Skocjanske Jame Investigations 12.1.2 The History of Kras Investigations 12.1.3 The History of Explorations of Skocjanske Jame 12.2 Backgrounds 12.2.1 Geological Background 12.2.2 Climatic Background 12.2.3 Topographival Background 12.2.4 Hydrological Background 12.2.5 Pedological and Vegetational Background 12.3 Hydrochemical Features (Carbon Cycle) 12.3.1 The Precipitations Percolation through the Roof 12.3.2 Flowstone Deposition 12.3.3 Limestone Denudation Rate 12.4 Karst Feature Complex 12.4.1 Speleomorphology and Speleogenesis 12.4.2 Speleogenesis 12.4.3 Cave Sediments in Skocjanske Jame 12.4.4 Recent Fluvial Sediments References KARST IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE Chapter 13 Karst and Caves in Australia and New Guinea (David Gillieson, Andy Spate) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Karsts of Australia 13.2.1 The Cape Range, Western Australia 13.2.2 The Kimberley 13.2.3 The Barkly Tableland of Northern Territory and Western Queensland 13.2.4 Chillagoe and Mitchell-Palmer Karsts, North Queensland 13.2.5 Mount Etna, Central Queensland 13.2.6 Eastern Uplands 13.2.7 Southeast South Australia 13.2.8 Central South Australia 13.2.9 The Nullarbor Plain 13.2.10 Southwest Western Australia 13.3 Karsts of Papua New Guinea 13.3.1 Tectonic History and Geological Structure 13.3.2 Geomorphology of the Hindenburg Plateau 13.3.3 Geomorphology of the Muller Range 13.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 14 The Subtropical Karst of Bonito, Western Brazil (Heinz Charles Kohler, Augusto Auler, Maria Bernadeth Cattanio) 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Surface Karst 14.2.1 Fluviokarst of Perdido River(Upper Surface) 14.2.2 Residual Hills 14.2.3 Karst Plain (Lower Surface) 14.2.4 Fluvokarst of Miranda River Tributaries 14.3 Underground Karst 14.4 Karst Hydrology 14.5 Karst Evolution 14.6 Other Subtropical Karst Areas of Brazil References PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION WITH KARST RECORDS Chapter 15 High Resolution Records of Climatic Variations and Solar Forcing from the Luminescence of Speleothem from Duhlata Cave, Bosnek, Bulgaria, Cold Water Cave, Iowa, USA and Rats Nest Cave, Calgary, Canada (Y.Y.Shopov, D.C.Ford, C.Yonge, W.MacDonald, L.Georgiev, M.Sanambria, V.Dermendjiev, Al.Benderev, G.Buyukliev, S.Georgiev, M.Delchev, M.Sirakova) 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Experimental Results 15.3 Solar Irradiation and Climatic Cycles from Speleothem 15.4 Correlation of Luminescene Records from Speleothems at 40-50 Northern Latitude 15.5 Hydrogeology and Denuatiion of Bosnek Karst Region,Bulgaria 15.6 Conclusions References CONCLUSIONS Chapter 16 Perspectives of Karst Science (Yuan Daoxian) 16.1 The Application of Earth System Science(ESS) in Karst Study 16.2 Karst Feature Complex (KFC) and Its Environment of Formation 16.3 Karst Proxies for Global Change Study 16.4 Sustainable Development for Different Karst Environmental Systems References APPENDICES Appendix 1 Karst Feature Complex Developed under Different Climatic Environment Appendix 2 Registration Form for Typical Karst Correlation Site of IGCP 299, with Instructions Appendix 3 Rbbstaler Alfen, Eastern Alps, An IGCP 299 Correlation Site of Austria, by Rudolf Pavuza Appendix 4 Major Publications of IGCP 299 (1990-1994)
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