Supported by NSFC and MGMR of China

UNESCO/IUGS
International Geological Correlation Program
Project 299: Geology, Climate, Hydrology and Karst Formatiom (1990-1994)
Final Report

GLOBAL KARST CORRELATION


The Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, China
1998

CONTENTS

PREFACE (Cheng Yuqi)

SUMMARY OF IGCP 299

Chapter 1: Basic Ideas, Methodologies and Major Results of IGCP 299 (Yuan Daoxian)

1. Background
2. Basic Ideas of IGCP 299: Objectives and Methodologies

• Earth System Science in Karst Correlation
• Objectives of IGCP 299
• Basic Methodologies

3. Major Results of World Karst Correlation

• Karst of Plate Margin and Mediterranean Climate-Western Taurus Mt., SW Turkey (1990)
• Karst of Intraplate Region with Monsoon Climate-Mainland China (1991)
• Trans-Continental Karst Correlation (Russia, USA, Australia, 1992)
• Karst in Western Ural of Russia and Environmental Problems (July, 1992)
• Karst Correlation between Appalachian Mt. and Central Basin of Kentucky, and Relevant Environmental Problems (August, 1992)
• Karst Correlation between Australia Craton and Tasmania Mobile Zone (Dec., 1992)
• Glacial Karst in SE Canada (August, 1993)
• Zagros Karst and Other Types of Karst in Iran (Oct., 1993)
• Geothermal, Alpine Karst of Italy (1993)
• Chalk Karst and Glacial Karst in UK (September, 1994)

Selected References

MECHANISMS OF KARST FORMATION

Chapter 2: Principles of Karst Evolution From Initiation to Maturity and Their Relation to Physics and Chemistry (Wolfgang Dreybrodt)

1. Introduction
2. A Basic Model to Specify Parameters
3. The Initial Phase of the Origin of Conduits
4. Structural Control of Cave Development by the Geological Setting of Primary Fractures
5. Karstification In Its Mature State
6. Conclusion

References

ARCTIC KARST

Chapter 3: Karst Morphogenesis in the Arctic: Examples from Spitsbergen
(Stein-Erik Lauritzen)

1. Introduction

• Permafrost, Quaternary Climate and Groundwater
• Cryogenic effects
• Glacier hydrology and karst

2. Svalbard

• Climate
• Lithology, Tectonic Setting
• Hydrothermal Karstification
• Paleokarst
• Surface Landforms
• Subsurface Landforms
• Processes

3. Conclusions

References

KARST ON RUSSIAN PLATFORM

Chapter 4: Karst of Ural (V.N.Andreichuk, I.A.Lavrov)

1. Geological and Orographical Peculiarities of the Urals
2. Karstic Rocks
3. General Peculiarities of Karst
4. Caves
5. Practical Importance of Urals Karst
6. The Influence of Human's Activity on Karst

References

Chapter 5: Karst in the Baltic Republics (Paukstys Bernardas, Karise Velo)

1. Introduction
2. History of Studies
3. Natural Conditions of Karst Development
4. Geology and Hydrogeology

• Estonia
• Lithuania

5. Karst Morphology and Karstification Density

• Karst Development in Estonia
• Karst Zonation in Lithuania
• Karst Morphology in Lithuania
• Surficial Karst Forms and Phenomena of Estonia
• Subterranean Karst Phenomena of Estonia

6. Anthropogenic Factors of Karst Activization
7. Karst Protection Measures in Lithuania

References

HUMID TEMPERATE KARST

Chapter 6: The Karst Geomorphology and Hydrogeology of Great Britain
(John Gunn, David Lowe, and Tony Waltham)

1. Introduction
2. Cavernous Karsts

• The Carboniferous Limestone
• Permian Magnesian Limestone of Northern England
• Devonian Carbonates of Southwest-England
• Carbonates of the Durness Group of Scotland
• Limestones within the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland

3. Weakly Cavernous Karsts

• The Cretaceous Chalk
• Jurassic Limestones
• Evaporite Karsts

References

Chapter 7: Karst Regions of the Eastern United States with Special Emphasis on the Friars Hole Cave System, West Virginia
(Percy H Dougherty, Roy A. Jameson, Stephen R.H. Worthington, George N. Huppert, Betty J. Wheeler, and J. Hess)

1 . Environmental Conditions
2 . Great Valley of the Appalachians
3 . Ridge and Valley of the Appalachians
4 . Appalachian Plateau
5 . Pine Mountain Overthrust
6 . Cumberland Plateau and Pottsville Escarpment
7 . Blue Grass Basin
8 . Friars Hole Cave System
9 . Dating Surface and Cave Evolution at Friars Hole

• Age Distribution of Speleothems
• Evolution of the Cave
• Evolution of the Surface above the Cave

10. Condensation, Condensation Corrosion, and Associated Features in Snedegar's and Greenville Saltpeter Caves

• Air Circulation
• Types of Condensation: Fogs, Films, Drops, and Absorbed Moisture.
• Fogs and Fog Banks
• Features of Condensation Corrosion and Deposition

References

Chapter 8: Karst of Japan (Kazuko Urushibara-Yoshino, Naruhiko Kashima)

1. Distribution of Calcareous Rock in Japan
2. Geology of Japanese Karst Areas
3. Akiyoshi Plateau
4. Kikai Island
5. Minamidaito Island

References

TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL KARST

Chapter 9: Karst of China (Yuan Daoxian, Li Bin, Liu Zaihua)

1. Characteristics of Karst in China
2. Mechanism of Karst Formation
3. Karst Records of Quaternary Climatic Change
4. Resources and Environmental Problems in Karst Areas

References


Chapter 10: OVERVIEW ON KARST OF VIETNAM (Do Tuyet)

1 . Introduction
2 . Vietnam Karat Concerning with Regional Karst
3 . Karst Research Situation in Vietnam
4 . Conditions for Active Karstification in Vietnam

• Limestone Occurring in Strata from Pre-Cambrian to Holocene
• Abundance of Pure and Thick Carbonate Strata
• Active Tectonic Region
• Earthquake and Neotectonic Activities
• Humid and Moisture Climate with High Rainfall
• Microrganism Activities and Thick Forest Area

5 . Main Karst Landforms
6 . Main Karst Zones of Vietnam

• The Vietbac Karst Zone
• The North-East Karst Zone
• The North-West Karst Zone
• The North-Central Vietnam Karst Zone
• The South Vietnam Karst Zone

7 . Some Problems of Applied Karst of Vietnam

• Water Supply
• Mineral Resource Relating to Karst
• Karst Rock Materials of Many Industries
• Problems of Hazard by Karstification
• Problems of Construction on Karst
• Problems of Karst Reservoirs
• Karst with Religion and Tourism

References

MEDITERRANEAN KARST

Chapter 11: Karst of Romania (George Ponta)

1. General Data
2. Climate
3. Bihor Mountains Karst Area
4. The Padis - Cetatile Ponorului Karstic Plateau
5. Jiul de West - Cernisoara Karst Area (Retezatul Mic Mountains), Southern Carphatians
6. Evaporites Karst

References

Chapter 12: Typical Karst Area-Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia (Andrej Kranjc, M Knez, Andrej Mihevc, J. Kogovsek, T. Slabe, S. Sebela, N.Z.Hajna)

1 . Introduction

• The History of Kras and Skocjanske Jame Investigations
• The History of Kras Investigations
• The History of Explorations of Skocjanske Jame

2 . Backgrounds

• Geological Background
• Climatic Background
• Topographival Background
• Hydrological Background
• Pedological and Vegetational Background

3. Hydrochemical Features (Carbon Cycle)

• The Precipitations Percolation through the Roof
• Flowstone Deposition
• Limestone Denudation Rate

4. Karst Feature Complex

• Speleomorphology and Speleogenesis
• Speleogenesis
• Cave Sediments in Skocjanske Jame
• Recent Fluvial Sediments

References

KARST IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Chapter 13: Karst and Caves in Australia and New Guinea (David Gillieson, Andy Spate)

1. Introduction
2. Karsts of Australia

• The Cape Range, Western Australia
• The Kimberley
• The Barkly Tableland of Northern Territory and Western Queensland
• Chillagoe and Mitchell-Palmer Karsts, North Queensland
• 蔒ount Etna, Central Queensland
• Eastern Uplands
• Southeast South Australia
• Central South Australia
• The Nullarbor Plain
• Southwest Western Australia

3. Karsts of Papua New Guinea

• Tectonic History and Geological Structure
• Geomorphology of the Hindenburg Plateau
• Geomorphology of the Muller Range
• Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 14: The Subtropical Karst of Bonito, Western Brazil (Heinz Charles Kohler, Augusto Auler, Maria Bernadeth Cattanio)

1. Introduction
2. Surface Karst

• Fluviokarst of Perdido River(Upper Surface)
• Residual Hills
• Karst Plain (Lower Surface)
• Fluvokarst of Miranda River Tributaries

3. Underground Karst
4. Karst Hydrology
5. Karst Evolution
6. Other Subtropical Karst Areas of Brazil

References

PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION WITH KARST RECORDS

Chapter 15: High Resolution Records of Climatic Variations and Solar Forcing from the Luminescence of Speleothem from Duhlata Cave, Bosnek, Bulgaria, Cold Water Cave, Iowa, USA and Rats Nest Cave, Calgary, Canada
(Y.Y.Shopov, D.C.Ford, C.Yonge, W.MacDonald, L.Georgiev, M.Sanambria, V.Dermendjiev, Al.Benderev, G.Buyukliev, S.Georgiev, M.Delchev, M.Sirakova)

1. Introduction
2. Experimental Results
3. Solar Irradiation and Climatic Cycles from Speleothem
4. Correlation of Luminescene Records from Speleothems at 40-50 Northern Latitude
5. Hydrogeology and Denuatiion of Bosnek Karst Region,Bulgaria
6. Conclusions

References

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 16: Perspectives of Karst Science (Yuan Daoxian)

1. The Application of Earth System Science(ESS) in Karst Study
2. Karst Feature Complex (KFC) and Its Environment of Formation
3. Karst Proxies for Global Change Study
4. Sustainable Development for Different Karst Environmental Systems

References

APPENDICES

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Editor: Liu Zaihua . Last revision: April 6,1998
Supervisor: YUAN Daoxian.
Webeditors: HU Jinkun / PAN Dingyu.
Any comments and suggestions to Prof. YUAN Daoxian or Dr. LIU Zaihua or webmaster
Copyright to IGCP-379 ,1995-1999.
Copyright to Network Center of Guangxi Normal University, 1995,1996,1997,1998.